In 1893, Queen Lili�uokalani of the Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown by a small group of U.S. citizens and other non-Hawaiians who pretended they were challenging constitutional changes she was trying to make. That constitution, which had been forced six years prior�by threat of arms�on the previous ruler, Lili�uokalani�s brother King David Kalalaua, had shifted power from the Hawaiian monarchy to the non-Hawaiian elite.

Hawaii was illegally annexed by the U.S. in 1898 and claimed as a state in 1959.

In 1993, a formal �apology� to the Hawaiian people was approved by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton. It acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii was plotted by the U.S. minister to Hawaii. �Without the active support and intervention by the United States diplomatic and military representatives, the insurrection against the Government of Queen Liliuokalani would have failed for lack of popular support and insufficient arms,� it states.

The �apology� further acknowledges that, �The indigenous Hawaiian people never directly relinquished their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people or over their national lands to the United States, either through their monarchy or through a plebiscite or referendum.�

The illegal occupation of the Hawaiian nation has created untold hardship on the Hawaiian people, including a depleted population as well as the disappearance of their language�which children were not allowed to speak in public schools�and other aspects of their culture.

However, despite the apology the U.S. is loath to give any land back to its rightful owners, especially given the island nation�s geographical location. Hawaii now serves as the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Command, the largest U.S. armed forces military command in the world (www.hawaiiankingdom.org) and is the home to large Army, Air Force, Navy and Marine bases.

Resistance of Native Hawaiians to the political, military and cultural occupation of their land continues. A growing movement teaches the language to students so that it is not lost to history.

In 1976 Hawaiian activists occupied the Hawaiian island of Kaho�olawe, which had been used by the Navy for bombing target practice since the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That struggle eventually led to cessation of bombing on the island in 1990 and the return of the island to the State of Hawai�i in 1994.

The Hawaiian Kingdom Government plans on returning to the Iolani Palace every day except the weekends, and conducting its business from the palace grounds. Mahealani Kahau, the government�s elected head of state, said: �The Hawaiian Kingdom Government is here and it doesn�t plan to leave. This is a continuity of the Hawaiian Kingdom of 1892 to today.� (Associated Press, May 1)

E-mail: ldowell@workers.org